2006 c. 46

Part 41— Business names

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chapters 1–3

Chapter 1— Restricted or prohibited names

Sections 1192–1199A

Section 1192— Application of this Chapter

1.
Subject to any express provision to the contrary, this Chapter applies to any person carrying on business in the United Kingdom.
2.
The provisions of this Chapter do not prevent—
1. (a)
  an individual carrying on business under a name consisting of his surname without any addition other than a permitted addition, or
2. (b)
  individuals carrying on business in partnership under a name consisting of the surnames of all the partners without any addition other than a permitted addition.
3.
The following are the permitted additions—
1. (a)
  in the case of an individual, his forename or initial;
2. (b)
  in the case of a partnership—
  (i)
  the forenames of individual partners or the initials of those forenames, or
  (ii)
  where two or more individual partners have the same surname, the addition of “s” at the end of that surname;
3. (c)
  in either case, an addition merely indicating that the business is carried on in succession to a former owner of the business.

Section 1193— Name suggesting connection with government or public authority

1.
A person must not, without the approval of the Secretary of State, carry on business in the United Kingdom under a name that would be likely to give the impression that the business is connected with—
1. (a)
  Her Majesty's Government, any part of the Scottish administration , the Welsh Assembly Government or Her Majesty's Government in Northern Ireland,
2. (b)
  any local authority, or
3. (c)
  any public authority specified for the purposes of this section by regulations made by the Secretary of State.
2.
For the purposes of this section— “local authority” means— a local authority within the meaning of the Local Government Act 1972 (c. 70), the Common Council of the City of London or the Council of the Isles of Scilly, a council constituted under section 2 of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (c. 39), or a district council in Northern Ireland; “public authority” includes any person or body having functions of a public nature.
3.
Regulations under this section are subject to affirmative resolution procedure.
4.
A person who contravenes this section commits an offence.
5.
Where an offence under this section is committed by a body corporate, an offence is also committed by every officer of the body who is in default.
6.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.

Section 1194— Other sensitive words or expressions

1.
A person must not, without the approval of the Secretary of State, carry on business in the United Kingdom under a name that includes a word or expression for the time being specified in regulations made by the Secretary of State under this section.
2.
Regulations under this section are subject to approval after being made.
3.
A person who contravenes this section commits an offence.
4.
Where an offence under this section is committed by a body corporate, an offence is also committed by every officer of the body who is in default.
5.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.

Section 1195— Requirement to seek comments of government department or other relevant body

1.
The Secretary of State may by regulations under—
1. (a)
  section 1193 (name suggesting connection with government or public authority), or
2. (b)
  section 1194 (other sensitive words or expressions),
require that, in connection with an application for the approval of the Secretary of State under that section, the applicant must seek the view of a specified Government department or other body.
2.
Where such a requirement applies, the applicant must request the specified department or other body (in writing) to indicate whether (and if so why) it has any objections to the proposed name.
3.
He must submit to the Secretary of State a statement that such a request has been made and a copy of any response received from the specified body.
4.
If these requirements are not complied with, the Secretary of State may refuse to consider the application for approval.
5.
In this section “specified” means specified in the regulations.

Section 1196— Withdrawal of Secretary of State's approval

1.
This section applies to approval given for the purposes of— section 1193 (name suggesting connection with government or public authority), or section 1194 (other sensitive words or expressions).
2.
If it appears to the Secretary of State that there are overriding considerations of public policy that require such approval to be withdrawn, the approval may be withdrawn by notice in writing given to the person concerned.
3.
The notice must state the date as from which approval is withdrawn.

Section 1196A— Names suggesting connection with foreign governments etc

1.
A person must not carry on business in the United Kingdom under a name that would be likely to give the false impression that the business is connected with—
1. (a)
  a foreign government or an agency or authority of a foreign government, or
2. (b)
  an international organisation whose members include two or more countries or territories (or their governments).
2.
A person who contravenes this section commits an offence.
3.
Where an offence under this section is committed by a body corporate, an offence is also committed by every officer of the body who is in default.
4.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.

Section 1197— Name containing inappropriate indication of company type or legal form

1.
The Secretary of State may make provision by regulations prohibiting a person from carrying on business in the United Kingdom under a name consisting of or containing specified words, expressions or other indications—
1. (a)
  that are associated with a particular type of company or form of organisation, or
2. (b)
  that are similar to words, expressions or other indications associated with a particular type of company or form of organisation.
2.
The regulations may prohibit the use of words, expressions or other indications—
1. (a)
  in a specified part, or otherwise than in a specified part, of a name;
2. (b)
  in conjunction with, or otherwise than in conjunction with, such other words, expressions or indications as may be specified.
3.
In this section “specified” means specified in the regulations.
4.
Regulations under this section are subject to negative resolution procedure.
5.
A person who uses a name in contravention of regulations under this section commits an offence.
6.
Where an offence under this section is committed by a body corporate, an offence is also committed by every officer of the body who is in default.
7.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.

Section 1198— Name giving misleading indication of activities

1.
A person must not carry on business in the United Kingdom under a name that gives so misleading an indication of the nature of the activities of the business as to pose a risk of harm to the public in the United Kingdom or elsewhere.
2.
A person who uses a name in contravention of this section commits an offence.
3.
Where an offence under this section is committed by a body corporate, an offence is also committed by every officer of the body who is in default.
4.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.

Section 1198A— Name that a company has been required to change

1.
Where a relevant direction has been given to a company to change its name, or it has been ordered under section 73 to change its name, the company must not carry on business in the United Kingdom under the name that it was directed or ordered to change, except as mentioned in subsection (2).
2.
Subsection (1) does not prevent the use by a company of a name if—
1. (a)
  the period for complying with the direction or order has not yet expired,
2. (b)
  the company complied with the direction or order and has since become registered with the name again following approval given under section 57B, or
3. (c)
  the direction was given, or the order was made, before section 25 of the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 came fully into force.
3.
If a company uses a name in contravention of this section an offence is committed by—
1. (a)
  the company, and
2. (b)
  every officer of the company who is in default.
4.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.
5.
In this section— “company” includes an overseas company; “relevant direction” means a direction under section 67, 75, 76, 76A or 76B, other than a direction under section 76B(1)(b) given on the basis that, at the time at which a company’s name was registered, the Secretary of State had proper grounds for forming the opinion mentioned in section 57A.

Section 1198B— Name that another company has been required to change

1.
Where a relevant direction has been given to a company to change its name, or it has been ordered under section 73 to change its name, another company must not carry on business in the United Kingdom under the name that the first company was directed or ordered to change if there is a person who has, or has had, a relevant relationship with both companies.
2.
Subsection (1) does not prevent the use by a company of a name if—
1. (a)
  it is registered under this Act by that name,
2. (b)
  the period for complying with the direction or order has not yet expired, or
3. (c)
  the direction was given, or the order was made, before section 26 of the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 came fully into force.
3.
For the purposes of subsection (1) it is irrelevant whether the person has, or has had, a relevant relationship with both companies at the same time.
4.
For the purposes of this section a person has a “relevant relationship” with a company if the person is—
1. (a)
  an officer, or
2. (b)
  a member or former member.
5.
If a company uses a name in contravention of this section an offence is committed by—
1. (a)
  the company, and
2. (b)
  every officer of the company who is in default.
6.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.
7.
In this section— “company” includes an overseas company; “relevant direction” means a direction under section 67, 75, 76A or 76B, other than a direction under section 76B(1)(b) given on the basis that, at the time at which a company’s name was registered, the Secretary of State had proper grounds for forming the opinion mentioned in section 57A.

Section 1199— Savings for existing lawful business names

1.
This section has effect in relation to— sections 1192 to 1196 (sensitive words or expressions), and section 1197 (inappropriate indication of company type or legal form).
2.
Those sections do not apply to the carrying on of a business by a person who—
1. (a)
  carried on the business immediately before the date on which this Chapter came into force, and
2. (b)
  continues to carry it on under the name that immediately before that date was its lawful business name.
3.
Where—
1. (a)
  a business is transferred to a person on or after the date on which this Chapter came into force, and
2. (b)
  that person carries on the business under the name that was its lawful business name immediately before the transfer,
those sections do not apply in relation to the carrying on of the business under that name during the period of twelve months beginning with the date of the transfer.
4.
In this section “lawful business name”, in relation to a business, means a name under which the business was carried on without contravening—
1. (a)
  section 2(1) of the Business Names Act 1985 (c. 7) or Article 4(1) of the Business Names (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 (S.I. 1986/1033 N.I. 7)), or
2. (b)
  after this Chapter has come into force, the provisions of this Chapter.

Section 1199A— Exceptions based on national security etc

1.
The Secretary of State may, by written notice given to a person, provide that a prohibition imposed by this Chapter does not apply in relation to the carrying on of a business by that person under a name specified in the notice, if satisfied that to do so is necessary—
1. (a)
  in the interests of national security, or
2. (b)
  for the purposes of preventing or detecting serious crime.
2.
For the purposes of subsection (1)(b)—
1. (a)
  “crime” means conduct which—
  (i)
  constitutes a criminal offence, or
  (ii)
  is, or corresponds to, any conduct which, if it all took place in any one part of the United Kingdom, would constitute a criminal offence, and
2. (b)
  crime is “serious” if—
  (i)
  the offence which is or would be constituted by the conduct is an offence for which the maximum sentence (in any part of the United Kingdom) is imprisonment for 3 years or more, or
  (ii)
  the conduct involves the use of violence, results in substantial financial gain or is conduct by a large number of persons in pursuit of a common purpose.

Chapter 2— Disclosure required in case of individual or partnership

Sections 1200–1206

Section 1200— Application of this Chapter

1.
This Chapter applies to an individual or partnership carrying on business in the United Kingdom under a business name. References in this Chapter to “a person to whom this Chapter applies” are to such an individual or partnership.
2.
For the purposes of this Chapter a “business name” means a name other than—
1. (a)
  in the case of an individual, his surname without any addition other than a permitted addition;
2. (b)
  in the case of a partnership—
  (i)
  the surnames of all partners who are individuals, and
  (ii)
  the corporate names of all partners who are bodies corporate,
  without any addition other than a permitted addition.
3.
The following are the permitted additions—
1. (a)
  in the case of an individual, his forename or initial;
2. (b)
  in the case of a partnership—
  (i)
  the forenames of individual partners or the initials of those forenames, or
  (ii)
  where two or more individual partners have the same surname, the addition of “s” at the end of that surname;
3. (c)
  in either case, an addition merely indicating that the business is carried on in succession to a former owner of the business.

Section 1201— Information required to be disclosed

1.
The “information required by this Chapter” is—
1. (a)
  in the case of an individual, the individual's name;
2. (b)
  in the case of a partnership, the name of each member of the partnership;
and, in relation to each person so named, an address at which service of any document relating in any way to the business will be effective.
2.
If the individual or partnership has a place of business in the United Kingdom, the address must be in the United Kingdom.
3.
If the individual or partnership does not have a place of business in the United Kingdom, the address must be an address at which service of documents can be effected by physical delivery and the delivery of documents is capable of being recorded by the obtaining of an acknowledgement of delivery.

Section 1202— Disclosure required: business documents etc

1.
A person to whom this Chapter applies must state the information required by this Chapter, in legible characters, on all—
1. (a)
  business letters,
2. (b)
  written orders for goods or services to be supplied to the business,
3. (c)
  invoices and receipts issued in the course of the business, and
4. (d)
  written demands for payment of debts arising in the course of the business.
This subsection has effect subject to section 1203 (exemption for large partnerships if certain conditions met).
2.
A person to whom this Chapter applies must secure that the information required by this Chapter is immediately given, by written notice, to any person with whom anything is done or discussed in the course of the business and who asks for that information.
3.
The Secretary of State may by regulations require that such notices be given in a specified form.
4.
Regulations under this section are subject to negative resolution procedure.

Section 1203— Exemption for large partnerships if certain conditions met

1.
Section 1202(1) (disclosure required in business documents) does not apply in relation to a document issued by a partnership of more than 20 persons if the following conditions are met.
2.
The conditions are that—
1. (a)
  the partnership maintains at its principal place of business a list of the names of all the partners,
2. (b)
  no partner's name appears in the document, except in the text or as a signatory, and
3. (c)
  the document states in legible characters the address of the partnership's principal place of business and that the list of the partners' names is open to inspection there.
3.
Where a partnership maintains a list of the partners' names for the purposes of this section, any person may inspect the list during office hours.
4.
Where an inspection required by a person in accordance with this section is refused, an offence is committed by any member of the partnership concerned who without reasonable excuse refused the inspection or permitted it to be refused.
5.
A person guilty of an offence under subsection (4) is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.

Section 1204— Disclosure required: business premises

1.
A person to whom this Chapter applies must, in any premises—
1. (a)
  where the business is carried on, and
2. (b)
  to which customers of the business or suppliers of goods or services to the business have access,
display in a prominent position, so that it may easily be read by such customers or suppliers, a notice containing the information required by this Chapter.
2.
The Secretary of State may by regulations require that such notices be displayed in a specified form.
3.
Regulations under this section are subject to negative resolution procedure.

Section 1205— Criminal consequences of failure to make required disclosure

1.
A person who without reasonable excuse fails to comply with the requirements of— section 1202 (disclosure required: business documents etc), or section 1204 (disclosure required: business premises), commits an offence.
2.
Where an offence under this section is committed by a body corporate, an offence is also committed by every officer of the body who is in default.
3.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale and, for continued contravention, a daily default fine not exceeding one-tenth of level 3 on the standard scale.
4.
References in this section to the requirements of section 1202 or 1204 include the requirements of regulations under that section.

Section 1206— Civil consequences of failure to make required disclosure

1.
This section applies to any legal proceedings brought by a person to whom this Chapter applies to enforce a right arising out of a contract made in the course of a business in respect of which he was, at the time the contract was made, in breach of section 1202(1) or (2) (disclosure in business documents etc) or section 1204(1) (disclosure at business premises).
2.
The proceedings shall be dismissed if the defendant (in Scotland, the defender) to the proceedings shows—
1. (a)
  that he has a claim against the claimant (pursuer) arising out of the contract that he has been unable to pursue by reason of the latter's breach of the requirements of this Chapter, or
2. (b)
  that he has suffered some financial loss in connection with the contract by reason of the claimant's (pursuer's) breach of those requirements,
unless the court before which the proceedings are brought is satisfied that it is just and equitable to permit the proceedings to continue.
3.
References in this section to the requirements of this Chapter include the requirements of regulations under this Chapter.
4.
This section does not affect the right of any person to enforce such rights as he may have against another person in any proceedings brought by that person.

Chapter 3— Supplementary

Sections 1207–1208

Section 1207— Application of general provisions about offences

The provisions of sections 1121 to 1123 (liability of officer in default) and 1125 to 1131 (general provisions about offences) apply in relation to offences under this Part as in relation to offences under the Companies Acts.

Section 1208— Interpretation

In this Part— “business” includes a profession; “initial” includes any recognised abbreviation of a name; “partnership” means— a partnership within the Partnership Act 1890 (c. 39), or a limited partnership registered under the Limited Partnerships Act 1907 (c. 24), or a firm or entity of a similar character formed under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom; “surname”, in relation to a peer or person usually known by a British title different from his surname, means the title by which he is known.