2010 c. 15

Part 9— Enforcement

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Sections 113–141

Chapter 1— Introductory

Sections 113

Section 113— Proceedings

1.
Proceedings relating to a contravention of this Act must be brought in accordance with this Part.
2.
Subsection (1) does not apply to proceedings under Part 1 of the Equality Act 2006.
3.
Subsection (1) does not prevent—
1. (a)
  a claim for judicial review;
2. (b)
  proceedings under the Immigration Acts;
3. (c)
  proceedings under the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997;
4. (d)
  in Scotland, an application to the supervisory jurisdiction of the Court of Session.
4.
This section is subject to any express provision of this Act conferring jurisdiction on a court or tribunal.
5.
The reference to a contravention of this Act includes a reference to a breach of an equality clause or rule.
6.
Chapters 2 and 3 do not apply to proceedings relating to an equality clause or rule except in so far as Chapter 4 provides for that.
7.
This section does not apply to—
1. (a)
  proceedings for an offence under this Act;
2. (b)
  proceedings relating to a penalty under Part 12 (disabled persons: transport).

Chapter 2— Civil courts

Sections 114–119

Section 114— Jurisdiction

1.
The county court or, in Scotland, the sheriff has jurisdiction to determine a claim relating to—
1. (a)
  a contravention of Part 3 (services and public functions);
2. (b)
  a contravention of Part 4 (premises);
3. (c)
  a contravention of Part 6 (education);
4. (d)
  a contravention of Part 7 (associations);
5. (e)
  a contravention of section 108, 111 or 112 that relates to Part 3, 4, 6 or 7.
2.
Subsection (1)(a) does not apply to a claim within section 115.
3.
Subsection (1)(c) does not apply to a claim within section 116.
4.
Subsection (1)(d) does not apply to a contravention of section 106.
5.
For the purposes of proceedings on a claim within subsection (1)(a)—
1. (a)
  a decision in proceedings on a claim mentioned in section 115(1) that an act is a contravention of Part 3 is binding;
2. (b)
  it does not matter whether the act occurs outside the United Kingdom.
6.
The county court or sheriff—
1. (a)
  must not grant an interim injunction or interdict unless satisfied that no criminal matter would be prejudiced by doing so;
2. (b)
  must grant an application to stay or sist proceedings under subsection (1) on grounds of prejudice to a criminal matter unless satisfied the matter will not be prejudiced.
7.
In proceedings in England and Wales on a claim within subsection (1), the power under section 63(1) of the County Courts Act 1984 (appointment of assessors) must be exercised unless the judge is satisfied that there are good reasons for not doing so.
8.
In proceedings in Scotland on a claim within subsection (1), the power under rule 44.3 of Schedule 1 to the Sheriff Court (Scotland) Act 1907 (appointment of assessors) must be exercised unless the sheriff is satisfied that there are good reasons for not doing so.
9.
The remuneration of an assessor appointed by virtue of subsection (8) is to be at a rate determined by the Lord President of the Court of Session.

Section 115— Immigration cases

1.
A claim is within this section if it relates to the act of an immigration authority in taking a relevant decision and—
1. (a)
  the question whether the act is a contravention of Part 3 has been or could be raised on an appeal which is pending, or could be brought, under the immigration provisions, or
2. (b)
  it has been decided on an appeal under those provisions that the act is not a contravention of Part 3.
2.
The relevant decision is not—
1. (a)
  subject to challenge in proceedings on a claim within section 114(1)(a), or
2. (b)
  affected by the decision of a court in such proceedings.
3.
For the purposes of subsection (1)(a) a power to grant permission to appeal out of time must be ignored.
4.
Each of the following is an immigration authority—
1. (a)
  the Secretary of State;
2. (b)
  an immigration officer;
3. (c)
  a person responsible for the grant or refusal of entry clearance (within the meaning of section 33(1) of the Immigration Act 1971).
5.
The immigration provisions are—
1. (a)
  the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997, or
2. (b)
  Part 5 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002.
6.
A relevant decision is—
1. (a)
  a decision under the Immigration Acts relating to the entitlement of a person to enter or remain in the United Kingdom;
2. (b)
  a decision on an appeal under the immigration provisions relating to a decision within paragraph (a).
7.
An appeal is pending if it is pending for the purposes of section 104 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 or (as the case may be) for the purposes of that section as it is applied by section 2(2)(j) of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997.
8.
This section applies in relation to reviews under section 2D, 2E or 2F of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997 as it applies in relation to appeals under the immigration provisions.

Section 116— Education cases

1.
A claim is within this section if it may be made to—
1. (a)
  the First-tier Tribunal in accordance with Part 2 of Schedule 17,
2. (b)
  the Education Tribunal for Wales in accordance with Part 2 of that Schedule, or
3. (c)
  the First-tier Tribunal for Scotland Health and Education Chamber in accordance with Part 3 of that Schedule.
2.
A claim is also within this section if it must be made in accordance with appeal arrangements within the meaning of Part 4 of that Schedule.
3.
Schedule 17 (disabled pupils: enforcement) has effect.

Section 117— National security

1.
Rules of court may, in relation to proceedings on a claim within section 114, confer power as mentioned in subsections (2) to (4); but a power so conferred is exercisable only if the court thinks it expedient to do so in the interests of national security.
2.
The rules may confer power to exclude from all or part of the proceedings—
1. (a)
  the claimant or pursuer;
2. (b)
  a representative of the claimant or pursuer;
3. (c)
  an assessor.
3.
The rules may confer power to permit a claimant, pursuer or representative who has been excluded to make a statement to the court before the commencement of the proceedings, or part of the proceedings, to which the exclusion relates.
4.
The rules may confer power to take steps to keep secret all or part of the reasons for the court's decision.
5.
The Attorney General or, in Scotland, the Advocate General for Scotland may appoint a person to represent the interests of a claimant or pursuer in, or in any part of, proceedings to which an exclusion by virtue of subsection (2)(a) or (b) relates.
6.
A person (P) may be appointed under subsection (5) only if—
1. (a)
  in relation to proceedings in England and Wales, P is a person who, for the purposes of the Legal Services Act 2007, is an authorised person in relation to an activity which constitutes the exercise of a right of audience or the conduct of litigation;
2. (b)
  in relation to proceedings in Scotland, P is an advocate or qualified to practice as a solicitor in Scotland.
7.
P is not responsible to the person whose interests P is appointed to represent.

Section 118— Time limits

1.
Subject to section 140AA proceedings on a claim within section 114 may not be brought after the end of—
1. (a)
  the period of 6 months starting with the date of the act to which the claim relates, or
2. (b)
  such other period as the county court or sheriff thinks just and equitable.
2.
If subsection (3) ... applies, subsection (1)(a) has effect as if for “6 months” there were substituted “ 9 months ”.
3.
This subsection applies if—
1. (a)
  the claim relates to the act of a qualifying institution, and
2. (b)
  a complaint relating to the act is referred under the student complaints scheme before the end of the period of 6 months starting with the date of the act.
4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
If it has been decided under the immigration provisions that the act of an immigration authority in taking a relevant decision is a contravention of Part 3 (services and public functions), subsection (1) has effect as if for paragraph (a) there were substituted— a the period of 6 months starting with the day after the expiry of the period during which, as a result of section 114(2), proceedings could not be brought in reliance on section 114(1)(a); .
6.
For the purposes of this section—
1. (a)
  conduct extending over a period is to be treated as done at the end of the period;
2. (b)
  failure to do something is to be treated as occurring when the person in question decided on it.
7.
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, a person (P) is to be taken to decide on failure to do something—
1. (a)
  when P does an act inconsistent with doing it, or
2. (b)
  if P does no inconsistent act, on the expiry of the period in which P might reasonably have been expected to do it.
8.
In this section— “immigration authority”, “immigration provisions” and “relevant decision” each have the meaning given in section 115; “qualifying institution” has the meaning given in section 11 of the Higher Education Act 2004, and includes an institution which is treated as continuing to be a qualifying institution for the purposes of Part 2 of that Act (see section 20A(2) of that Act); “the student complaints scheme” means a scheme for the review of qualifying complaints (within the meaning of section 12 of that Act) that is provided by the designated operator (within the meaning of section 13(5)(b) of that Act).

Section 119— Remedies

1.
This section applies if the county court or the sheriff finds that there has been a contravention of a provision referred to in section 114(1).
2.
The county court has power to grant any remedy which could be granted by the High Court—
1. (a)
  in proceedings in tort;
2. (b)
  on a claim for judicial review.
3.
The sheriff has power to make any order which could be made by the Court of Session—
1. (a)
  in proceedings for reparation;
2. (b)
  on a petition for judicial review.
4.
An award of damages may include compensation for injured feelings (whether or not it includes compensation on any other basis).
5.
Subsection (6) applies if the county court or sheriff—
1. (a)
  finds that a contravention of a provision referred to in section 114(1) is established by virtue of section 19 or 19A, but
2. (b)
  is satisfied that the provision, criterion or practice was not applied with the intention of discriminating against the claimant or pursuer.
6.
The county court or sheriff must not make an award of damages unless it first considers whether to make any other disposal.
7.
The county court or sheriff must not grant a remedy other than an award of damages or the making of a declaration unless satisfied that no criminal matter would be prejudiced by doing so.

Chapter 3— Employment tribunals

Sections 120–126

Section 120— Jurisdiction

1.
An employment tribunal has, subject to section 121, jurisdiction to determine a complaint relating to—
1. (a)
  a contravention of Part 5 (work);
2. (b)
  a contravention of section 108, 111 or 112 that relates to Part 5.
2.
An employment tribunal has jurisdiction to determine an application by a responsible person (as defined by section 61) for a declaration as to the rights of that person and a worker in relation to a dispute about the effect of a non-discrimination rule.
3.
An employment tribunal also has jurisdiction to determine an application by the trustees or managers of an occupational pension scheme for a declaration as to their rights and those of a member in relation to a dispute about the effect of a non-discrimination rule.
4.
An employment tribunal also has jurisdiction to determine a question that—
1. (a)
  relates to a non-discrimination rule, and
2. (b)
  is referred to the tribunal by virtue of section 122.
5.
In proceedings before an employment tribunal on a complaint relating to a breach of a non-discrimination rule, the employer—
1. (a)
  is to be treated as a party, and
2. (b)
  is accordingly entitled to appear and be heard.
6.
Nothing in this section affects such jurisdiction as the High Court, the county court, the Court of Session or the sheriff has in relation to a non-discrimination rule.
7.
Subsection (1)(a) does not apply to a contravention of section 53 in so far as the act complained of may, by virtue of an enactment, be subject to an appeal or proceedings in the nature of an appeal.
8.
In subsection (1), the references to Part 5 do not include references to section 40A(1) or 60(1) or 60A(1).
9.
Subsection (8) does not prevent an employment tribunal from considering a contravention of section 40A(1) in accordance with section 124A (compensation uplift in employee sexual harassment cases).

Section 121— Armed forces cases

1.
Section 120(1) does not apply to a complaint relating to an act done when the complainant was serving as a member of the armed forces unless—
1. (a)
  the complainant has made a service complaint about the matter, and
2. (b)
  the complaint has not been withdrawn.
2.
Where the complaint is dealt with by a person or panel appointed by the Defence Council by virtue of section 340C(1)(a) of the 2006 Act, it is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (1)(b) as withdrawn if—
1. (a)
  the period allowed in accordance with service complaints regulations for bringing an appeal against the person's or panel's decision expires, ...
2. (aa)
  there are grounds (of which the complainant is aware) on which the complainant is entitled to bring such an appeal, and
3. (b)
  either—
  (i)
  the complainant does not apply to the Armed Forces Commissioner for a review by virtue of section 340D(6)(a) of the 2006 Act (review of decision that appeal brought out of time cannot proceed), or
  (ii)
  the complainant does apply for such a review and the Commissioner decides that an appeal against the person's or panel's decision cannot be proceeded with.
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
The making of a complaint to an employment tribunal in reliance on subsection (1) does not affect the continuation of the procedures set out in service complaints regulations.
6.
In this section— “the 2006 Act” means the Armed Forces Act 2006; “service complaints regulations” means regulations made under section 340B(1) of the 2006 Act.

Section 122— References by court to tribunal, etc.

1.
If it appears to a court in which proceedings are pending that a claim or counter-claim relating to a non-discrimination rule could more conveniently be determined by an employment tribunal, the court may strike out the claim or counter-claim.
2.
If in proceedings before a court a question arises about a non-discrimination rule, the court may (whether or not on an application by a party to the proceedings)—
1. (a)
  refer the question, or direct that it be referred by a party to the proceedings, to an employment tribunal for determination, and
2. (b)
  stay or sist the proceedings in the meantime.

Section 123— Time limits

1.
Subject to section 140B proceedings on a complaint within section 120 may not be brought after the end of—
1. (a)
  the period of 3 months starting with the date of the act to which the complaint relates, or
2. (b)
  such other period as the employment tribunal thinks just and equitable.
2.
Proceedings may not be brought in reliance on section 121(1) after the end of—
1. (a)
  the period of 6 months starting with the date of the act to which the proceedings relate, or
2. (b)
  such other period as the employment tribunal thinks just and equitable.
3.
For the purposes of this section—
1. (a)
  conduct extending over a period is to be treated as done at the end of the period;
2. (b)
  failure to do something is to be treated as occurring when the person in question decided on it.
4.
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, a person (P) is to be taken to decide on failure to do something—
1. (a)
  when P does an act inconsistent with doing it, or
2. (b)
  if P does no inconsistent act, on the expiry of the period in which P might reasonably have been expected to do it.

Section 124— Remedies: general

1.
This section applies if an employment tribunal finds that there has been a contravention of a provision referred to in section 120(1).
2.
The tribunal may—
1. (a)
  make a declaration as to the rights of the complainant and the respondent in relation to the matters to which the proceedings relate;
2. (b)
  order the respondent to pay compensation to the complainant;
3. (c)
  make an appropriate recommendation.
3.
An appropriate recommendation is a recommendation that within a specified period the respondent takes specified steps for the purpose of obviating or reducing the adverse effecton the complainant of any matter to which the proceedings relate—
1. (a)
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. (b)
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
Subsection (5) applies if the tribunal—
1. (a)
  finds that a contravention is established by virtue of section 19 or 19A, but
2. (b)
  is satisfied that the provision, criterion or practice was not applied with the intention of discriminating against the complainant.
5.
It must not make an order under subsection (2)(b) unless it first considers whether to act under subsection (2)(a) or (c).
6.
The amount of compensation which may be awarded under subsection (2)(b) corresponds to the amount which could be awarded by the county court or the sheriff under section 119.
7.
If a respondent fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with an appropriate recommendation..., the tribunal may—
1. (a)
  if an order was made under subsection (2)(b), increase the amount of compensation to be paid;
2. (b)
  if no such order was made, make one.

Section 124A— Remedies: compensation uplift in sexual harassment cases

1.
This section applies where—
1. (a)
  an employment tribunal has found that there has been a contravention of section 40 (harassment of employees) which involved, to any extent, harassment of the kind described in section 26(2) (sexual harassment), and
2. (b)
  the tribunal has ordered the respondent to pay compensation to the complainant under section 124(2)(b).
2.
The tribunal must consider whether and to what extent the respondent has also contravened section 40A(1) (duty to take reasonable steps to prevent harassment of employees).
3.
If the tribunal is satisfied that the respondent has contravened section 40A(1), it may order the respondent to pay an amount to the complainant (a “compensation uplift”) in addition to the compensation amount determined in accordance with section 124(6).
4.
The amount of the compensation uplift—
1. (a)
  must reflect the extent to which, in the tribunal’s opinion, the respondent has contravened section 40A(1), but
2. (b)
  may be no more than 25% of the amount awarded under section 124(2)(b).

Section 125— Remedies: national security

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 126— Remedies: occupational pension schemes

1.
This section applies if an employment tribunal finds that there has been a contravention of a provision referred to in section 120(1) in relation to—
1. (a)
  the terms on which persons become members of an occupational pension scheme, or
2. (b)
  the terms on which members of an occupational pension scheme are treated.
2.
In addition to anything which may be done by the tribunal under section 124 the tribunal may also by order declare—
1. (a)
  if the complaint relates to the terms on which persons become members of a scheme, that the complainant has a right to be admitted to the scheme;
2. (b)
  if the complaint relates to the terms on which members of the scheme are treated, that the complainant has a right to membership of the scheme without discrimination.
3.
The tribunal may not make an order under subsection (2)(b) of section 124 unless—
1. (a)
  the compensation is for injured feelings, or
2. (b)
  the order is made by virtue of subsection (7) of that section.
4.
An order under subsection (2)—
1. (a)
  may make provision as to the terms on which or the capacity in which the claimant is to enjoy the admission or membership;
2. (b)
  may have effect in relation to a period before the order is made.

Chapter 4— Equality of terms

Sections 127–135

Section 127— Jurisdiction

1.
An employment tribunal has, subject to subsection (6), jurisdiction to determine a complaint relating to a breach of an equality clause or rule.
2.
The jurisdiction conferred by subsection (1) includes jurisdiction to determine a complaint arising out of a breach of an equality clause or rule; and a reference in this Chapter to a complaint relating to such a breach is to be read accordingly.
3.
An employment tribunal also has jurisdiction to determine an application by a responsible person for a declaration as to the rights of that person and a worker in relation to a dispute about the effect of an equality clause or rule.
4.
An employment tribunal also has jurisdiction to determine an application by the trustees or managers of an occupational pension scheme for a declaration as to their rights and those of a member in relation to a dispute about the effect of an equality rule.
5.
An employment tribunal also has jurisdiction to determine a question that—
1. (a)
  relates to an equality clause or rule, and
2. (b)
  is referred to the tribunal by virtue of section 128(2).
6.
This section does not apply to a complaint relating to an act done when the complainant was serving as a member of the armed forces unless—
1. (a)
  the complainant has made a service complaint about the matter, and
2. (b)
  the complaint has not been withdrawn.
7.
Subsections (2) to (6) of section 121 apply for the purposes of subsection (6) of this section as they apply for the purposes of subsection (1) of that section.
8.
In proceedings before an employment tribunal on a complaint relating to a breach of an equality rule, the employer—
1. (a)
  is to be treated as a party, and
2. (b)
  is accordingly entitled to appear and be heard.
9.
Nothing in this section affects such jurisdiction as the High Court, the county court, the Court of Session or the sheriff has in relation to an equality clause or rule.

Section 128— References by court to tribunal, etc.

1.
If it appears to a court in which proceedings are pending that a claim or counter-claim relating to an equality clause or rule could more conveniently be determined by an employment tribunal, the court may strike out the claim or counter-claim.
2.
If in proceedings before a court a question arises about an equality clause or rule, the court may (whether or not on an application by a party to the proceedings)—
1. (a)
  refer the question, or direct that it be referred by a party to the proceedings, to an employment tribunal for determination, and
2. (b)
  stay or sist the proceedings in the meantime.

Section 129— Time limits

1.
This section applies to—
1. (a)
  a complaint relating to a breach of an equality clause or rule;
2. (b)
  an application for a declaration referred to in section 127(3) or (4).
2.
Proceedings on the complaint or application may not be brought in an employment tribunal after the end of the qualifying period.

If the complaint or application relates to terms of work other than terms of service in the armed forces, the qualifying period is, in a case mentioned in the first column of the table, the period mentioned in the second column , subject to section 140B.

Case	Qualifying period
A standard case	The period of 6 months beginning with the last day of the employment or appointment.
A stable work case (but not if it is also a concealment or incapacity case (or both))	The period of 6 months beginning with the day on which the stable working relationship ended.
A concealment case (but not if it is also an incapacity case)	The period of 6 months beginning with the day on which the worker discovered (or could with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact.
An incapacity case (but not if it is also a concealment case)	The period of 6 months beginning with the day on which the worker ceased to have the incapacity.
A case which is a concealment case and an incapacity case.	The period of 6 months beginning with the later of the days on which the period would begin if the case were merely a concealment or incapacity case.

If the complaint or application relates to terms of service in the armed forces, the qualifying period is, in a case mentioned in the first column of the table, the period mentioned in the second column, subject to section 140B.

Case	Qualifying period
A standard case	The period of 9 months beginning with the last day of the period of service during which the complaint arose.
A concealment case (but not if it is also an incapacity case)	The period of 9 months beginning with the day on which the worker discovered (or could with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact.
An incapacity case (but not if it is also a concealment case)	The period of 9 months beginning with the day on which the worker ceased to have the incapacity.
A case which is a concealment case and an incapacity case.	The period of 9 months beginning with the later of the days on which the period would begin if the case were merely a concealment or incapacity case.

Section 130— Section 129: supplementary

1.
This section applies for the purposes of section 129.
2.
A standard case is a case which is not—
1. (a)
  a stable work case,
2. (b)
  a concealment case,
3. (c)
  an incapacity case, or
4. (d)
  a concealment case and an incapacity case.
3.
A stable work case is a case where the proceedings relate to a period during which there was a stable working relationship between the worker and the responsible person (including any time after the terms of work had expired).
4.
A concealment case in proceedings relating to an equality clause is a case where—
1. (a)
  the responsible person deliberately concealed a qualifying fact from the worker, and
2. (b)
  the worker did not discover (or could not with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact until after the relevant day.
5.
A concealment case in proceedings relating to an equality rule is a case where—
1. (a)
  the employer or the trustees or managers of the occupational pension scheme in question deliberately concealed a qualifying fact from the member, and
2. (b)
  the member did not discover (or could not with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact until after the relevant day.
6.
A qualifying fact for the purposes of subsection (4) or (5) is a fact—
1. (a)
  which is relevant to the complaint, and
2. (b)
  without knowledge of which the worker or member could not reasonably have been expected to bring the proceedings.
7.
An incapacity case in proceedings relating to an equality clause with respect to terms of work other than terms of service in the armed forces is a case where the worker had an incapacity during the period of 6 months beginning with the later of—
1. (a)
  the relevant day, or
2. (b)
  the day on which the worker discovered (or could with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact deliberately concealed from the worker by the responsible person.
8.
An incapacity case in proceedings relating to an equality clause with respect to terms of service in the armed forces is a case where the worker had an incapacity during the period of 9 months beginning with the later of—
1. (a)
  the last day of the period of service during which the complaint arose, or
2. (b)
  the day on which the worker discovered (or could with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact deliberately concealed from the worker by the responsible person.
9.
An incapacity case in proceedings relating to an equality rule is a case where the member of the occupational pension scheme in question had an incapacity during the period of 6 months beginning with the later of—
1. (a)
  the relevant day, or
2. (b)
  the day on which the member discovered (or could with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact deliberately concealed from the member by the employer or the trustees or managers of the scheme.
10.
The relevant day for the purposes of this section is—
1. (a)
  the last day of the employment or appointment, or
2. (b)
  the day on which the stable working relationship between the worker and the responsible person ended.

Section 131— Assessment of whether work is of equal value

1.
This section applies to proceedings before an employment tribunal on—
1. (a)
  a complaint relating to a breach of an equality clause or rule, or
2. (b)
  a question referred to the tribunal by virtue of section 128(2).
2.
Where a question arises in the proceedings as to whether one person's work is of equal value to another's, the tribunal may, before determining the question, require a member of the panel of independent experts to prepare a report on the question.
3.
The tribunal may withdraw a requirement that it makes under subsection (2); and, if it does so, it may—
1. (a)
  request the panel member to provide it with specified documentation;
2. (b)
  make such other requests to that member as are connected with the withdrawal of the requirement.
4.
If the tribunal requires the preparation of a report under subsection (2) (and does not withdraw the requirement), it must not determine the question unless it has received the report.
5.
Subsection (6) applies where—
1. (a)
  a question arises in the proceedings as to whether the work of one person (A) is of equal value to the work of another (B), and
2. (b)
  A's work and B's work have been given different values by a job evaluation study.
6.
The tribunal must determine that A's work is not of equal value to B's work unless it has reasonable grounds for suspecting that the evaluation contained in the study—
1. (a)
  was based on a system that discriminates because of sex, or
2. (b)
  is otherwise unreliable.
7.
For the purposes of subsection (6)(a), a system discriminates because of sex if a difference (or coincidence) between values that the system sets on different demands is not justifiable regardless of the sex of the person on whom the demands are made.
8.
A reference to a member of the panel of independent experts is a reference to a person—
1. (a)
  who is for the time being designated as such by the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) for the purposes of this section, and
2. (b)
  who is neither a member of the Council of ACAS nor one of its officers or members of staff.
9.
“Job evaluation study” has the meaning given in section 80(5).

Section 132— Remedies in non-pensions cases

1.
This section applies to proceedings before a court or employment tribunal on a complaint relating to a breach of an equality clause, other than a breach with respect to membership of or rights under an occupational pension scheme.
2.
If the court or tribunal finds that there has been a breach of the equality clause, it may—
1. (a)
  make a declaration as to the rights of the parties in relation to the matters to which the proceedings relate;
2. (b)
  order an award by way of arrears of pay or damages in relation to the complainant.
3.
The court or tribunal may not order a payment under subsection (2)(b) in respect of a time before the arrears day.

In relation to proceedings in England and Wales, the arrears day is, in a case mentioned in the first column of the table, the day mentioned in the second column.

Case	Arrears day
A standard case	The day falling 6 years before the day on which the proceedings were instituted.
A concealment case or an incapacity case (or a case which is both).	The day on which the breach first occurred.

5.
In relation to proceedings in Scotland, the arrears day is the first day of—
1. (a)
  the period of 5 years ending with the day on which the proceedings were commenced, or
2. (b)
  if the case involves a relevant incapacity, or a relevant fraud or error, the period determined in accordance with section 135(6) and (7).

Section 133— Remedies in pensions cases

1.
This section applies to proceedings before a court or employment tribunal on a complaint relating to—
1. (a)
  a breach of an equality rule, or
2. (b)
  a breach of an equality clause with respect to membership of, or rights under, an occupational pension scheme.
2.
If the court or tribunal finds that there has been a breach as referred to in subsection (1)—
1. (a)
  it may make a declaration as to the rights of the parties in relation to the matters to which the proceedings relate;
2. (b)
  it must not order arrears of benefits or damages or any other amount to be paid to the complainant.
3.
Subsection (2)(b) does not apply if the proceedings are proceedings to which section 134 applies.
4.
If the breach relates to a term on which persons become members of the scheme, the court or tribunal may declare that the complainant is entitled to be admitted to the scheme with effect from a specified date.
5.
A date specified for the purposes of subsection (4) must not be before 8 April 1976.
6.
If the breach relates to a term on which members of the scheme are treated, the court or tribunal may declare that the complainant is, in respect of a specified period, entitled to secure the rights that would have accrued if the breach had not occurred.
7.
A period specified for the purposes of subsection (6) must not begin before 17 May 1990.
8.
If the court or tribunal makes a declaration under subsection (6), the employer must provide such resources to the scheme as are necessary to secure for the complainant (without contribution or further contribution by the complainant or other members) the rights referred to in that subsection.

Section 134— Remedies in claims for arrears brought by pensioner members

1.
This section applies to proceedings before a court or employment tribunal on a complaint by a pensioner member of an occupational pension scheme relating to a breach of an equality clause or rule with respect to a term on which the member is treated.
2.
If the court or tribunal finds that there has been a breach referred to in subsection (1), it may—
1. (a)
  make a declaration as to the rights of the complainant and the respondent in relation to the matters to which the proceedings relate;
2. (b)
  order an award by way of arrears of benefits or damages or of any other amount in relation to the complainant.
3.
The court or tribunal must not order an award under subsection (2)(b) in respect of a time before the arrears day.
4.
If the court or tribunal orders an award under subsection (2)(b), the employer must provide such resources to the scheme as are necessary to secure for the complainant (without contribution or further contribution by the complainant or other members) the amount of the award.

In relation to proceedings in England and Wales, the arrears day is, in a case mentioned in the first column of the table, the day mentioned in the second column.

Case	Arrears day
A standard case	The day falling 6 years before the day on which the proceedings were commenced.
A concealment case or an incapacity case (or a case which is both).	The day on which the breach first occurred.

6.
In relation to proceedings in Scotland, the arrears day is the first day of—
1. (a)
  the period of 5 years ending with the day on which the proceedings were commenced, or
2. (b)
  if the case involves a relevant incapacity, or a relevant fraud or error, the period determined in accordance with section 135(6) and (7).

Section 135— Supplementary

1.
This section applies for the purposes of sections 132 to 134.
2.
A standard case is a case which is not—
1. (a)
  a concealment case,
2. (b)
  an incapacity case, or
3. (c)
  a concealment case and an incapacity case.
3.
A concealment case in relation to an equality clause is a case where—
1. (a)
  the responsible person deliberately concealed a qualifying fact (as defined by section 130) from the worker, and
2. (b)
  the worker commenced the proceedings before the end of the period of 6 years beginning with the day on which the worker discovered (or could with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact.
4.
A concealment case in relation to an equality rule is a case where—
1. (a)
  the employer or the trustees or managers of the occupational pension scheme in question deliberately concealed a qualifying fact (as defined by section 130) from the member, and
2. (b)
  the member commenced the proceedings before the end of the period of 6 years beginning with the day on which the member discovered (or could with reasonable diligence have discovered) the qualifying fact.
5.
An incapacity case is a case where the worker or member—
1. (a)
  had an incapacity when the breach first occurred, and
2. (b)
  commenced the proceedings before the end of the period of 6 years beginning with the day on which the worker or member ceased to have the incapacity.
6.
A case involves a relevant incapacity or a relevant fraud or error if the period of 5 years referred to in section 132(5)(a) or 134(6)(a) is, as a result of subsection (7) below, reckoned as a period of more than 5 years; and—
1. (a)
  if, as a result of subsection (7), that period is reckoned as a period of more than 5 years but no more than 20 years, the period for the purposes of section 132(5)(b) or (as the case may be) section 134(6)(b) is that extended period;
2. (b)
  if, as a result of subsection (7), that period is reckoned as a period of more than 20 years, the period for the purposes of section 132(5)(b) or (as the case may be) section 134(6)(b) is a period of 20 years.
7.
For the purposes of the reckoning referred to in subsection (6), no account is to be taken of time when the worker or member—
1. (a)
  had an incapacity, or
2. (b)
  was induced by a relevant fraud or error to refrain from commencing proceedings (not being a time after the worker or member could with reasonable diligence have discovered the fraud or error).
8.
For the purposes of subsection (7)—
1. (a)
  a fraud is relevant in relation to an equality clause if it is a fraud on the part of the responsible person;
2. (b)
  an error is relevant in relation to an equality clause if it is induced by the words or conduct of the responsible person;
3. (c)
  a fraud is relevant in relation to an equality rule if it is a fraud on the part of the employer or the trustees or managers of the scheme;
4. (d)
  an error is relevant in relation to an equality rule if it is induced by the words or conduct of the employer or the trustees or managers of the scheme.
9.
A reference in subsection (8) to the responsible person, the employer or the trustees or managers includes a reference to a person acting on behalf of the person or persons concerned.
10.
In relation to terms of service, a reference in section 132(5) or subsection (3) or (5)(b) of this section to commencing proceedings is to be read as a reference to making a service complaint.
11.
A reference to a pensioner member of a scheme includes a reference to a person who is entitled to the present payment of pension or other benefits derived through a member.
12.
In relation to proceedings before a court—
1. (a)
  a reference to a complaint is to be read as a reference to a claim, and
2. (b)
  a reference to a complainant is to be read as a reference to a claimant.

Chapter 5— Miscellaneous

Sections 136–141

Section 136— Burden of proof

1.
This section applies to any proceedings relating to a contravention of this Act.
2.
If there are facts from which the court could decide, in the absence of any other explanation, that a person (A) contravened the provision concerned, the court must hold that the contravention occurred.
3.
But subsection (2) does not apply if A shows that A did not contravene the provision.
4.
The reference to a contravention of this Act includes a reference to a breach of an equality clause or rule.
5.
This section does not apply to proceedings for an offence under this Act.
6.
A reference to the court includes a reference to—
1. (a)
  an employment tribunal;
2. (b)
  the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal;
3. (c)
  the Special Immigration Appeals Commission;
4. (d)
  the First-tier Tribunal;
5. (e)
  the Education Tribunal for Wales;
6. (f)
  the First-tier Tribunal for Scotland Health and Education Chamber .

Section 137— Previous findings

1.
A finding in relevant proceedings in respect of an act which has become final is to be treated as conclusive in proceedings under this Act.
2.
Relevant proceedings are proceedings before a court or employment tribunal under any of the following—
1. (a)
  section 19 or 20 of the Race Relations Act 1968;
2. (b)
  the Equal Pay Act 1970;
3. (c)
  the Sex Discrimination Act 1975;
4. (d)
  the Race Relations Act 1976;
5. (e)
  section 6(4A) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1986;
6. (f)
  the Disability Discrimination Act 1995;
7. (g)
  Part 2 of the Equality Act 2006;
8. (h)
  the Employment Equality (Religion and Belief) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1660);
9. (i)
  the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/1661);
10. (j)
  the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1031);
11. (k)
  the Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/1263).
3.
A finding becomes final—
1. (a)
  when an appeal against the finding is dismissed, withdrawn or abandoned, or
2. (b)
  when the time for appealing expires without an appeal having been brought.

Section 138— Obtaining information, etc.

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Section 139— Interest

1.
Regulations may make provision—
1. (a)
  for enabling an employment tribunal to include interest on an amount awarded by it in proceedings under this Act;
2. (b)
  specifying the manner in which, and the periods and rate by reference to which, the interest is to be determined.
2.
Regulations may modify the operation of an order made under section 14 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (power to make provision as to interest on awards) in so far as it relates to an award in proceedings under this Act.

Section 139A— Equal pay audits

1.
Regulations may make provision requiring an employment tribunal to order the respondent to carry out an equal pay audit in any case where the tribunal finds that there has been an equal pay breach.
2.
An equal pay breach is—
1. (a)
  a breach of an equality clause, or
2. (b)
  a contravention in relation to pay of section 39(2), 49(6) or 50(6), so far as relating to sex discrimination.
3.
An equal pay audit is an audit designed to identify action to be taken to avoid equal pay breaches occurring or continuing.
4.
The regulations may make further provision about equal pay audits, including provision about—
1. (a)
  the content of an audit;
2. (b)
  the powers and duties of a tribunal for deciding whether its order has been complied with;
3. (c)
  any circumstances in which an audit may be required to be published or may be disclosed to any person.
5.
The regulations must provide for an equal pay audit not to be ordered where the tribunal considers that—
1. (a)
  an audit completed by the respondent in the previous 3 years meets requirements prescribed for this purpose,
2. (b)
  it is clear without an audit whether any action is required to avoid equal pay breaches occurring or continuing,
3. (c)
  the breach the tribunal has found gives no reason to think that there may be other breaches, or
4. (d)
  the disadvantages of an equal pay audit would outweigh its benefits.
6.
The regulations may provide for an employment tribunal to have power, where a person fails to comply with an order to carry out an equal pay audit, to order that person to pay a penalty to the Secretary of State of not more than an amount specified in the regulations.
7.
The regulations may provide for that power—
1. (a)
  to be exercisable in prescribed circumstances;
2. (b)
  to be exercisable more than once, if the failure to comply continues.
8.
The first regulations made by virtue of subsection (6) must not specify an amount of more than £5,000.
9.
Sums received by the Secretary of State under the regulations must be paid into the Consolidated Fund.
10.
The first regulations under this section must specify an exemption period during which the requirement to order an equal pay audit does not apply in the case of a business that—
1. (a)
  had fewer than 10 employees immediately before a specified time, or
2. (b)
  was begun as a new business in a specified period.
11.
For the purposes of subsection (10)—
1. (a)
  “ specified ” means specified in the regulations, and
2. (b)
  the number of employees a business had or the time when a business was begun as a new business is to be determined in accordance with the regulations.
12.
Before making regulations under this section, a Minister of the Crown must consult any other Minister of the Crown with responsibility for employment tribunals.

Section 140— Conduct giving rise to separate proceedings

1.
This section applies in relation to conduct which has given rise to two or more separate proceedings under this Act, with at least one being for a contravention of section 111 (instructing, causing or inducing contraventions).
2.
A court may transfer proceedings to an employment tribunal.
3.
An employment tribunal may transfer proceedings to a court.
4.
A court or employment tribunal is to be taken for the purposes of this Part to have jurisdiction to determine a claim or complaint transferred to it under this section; accordingly—
1. (a)
  a reference to a claim within section 114(1) includes a reference to a claim transferred to a court under this section, and
2. (b)
  a reference to a complaint within section 120(1) includes a reference to a complaint transferred to an employment tribunal under this section.
5.
A court or employment tribunal may not make a decision that is inconsistent with an earlier decision in proceedings arising out of the conduct.
6.
“Court” means—
1. (a)
  in relation to proceedings in England and Wales, the county court;
2. (b)
  in relation to proceedings in Scotland, the sheriff.

Section 140A— Extension of time limits because of mediation in certain cross-border disputes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 140AA— Extension of time limits because of alternative dispute resolution in certain consumer contract disputes

1.
In this section— “ADR” has the same meaning as in Chapter 4 of Part 4 of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024; “ADR entity” means a person who carries out ADR in compliance with section 293(1) of that Act (which prohibits persons from carrying out ADR unless exempt, accredited, or acting under special ADR arrangements, in accordance with Chapter 4 of Part 4 of that Act); “consumer contract dispute” has the same meaning as in Chapter 4 of Part 4 of that Act.
2.
Subsection (3) applies where—
1. (a)
  a time limit is set by section 118(1)(a) and (2) in relation to the whole or part of a consumer contract dispute;
2. (b)
  ADR in relation to the consumer contract dispute starts before the time limit expires; and
3. (c)
  if not extended by this section, the time limit would expire before the ADR ends or less than eight weeks after it ends.
3.
For the purposes of initiating judicial proceedings, the time limit expires instead at the end of eight weeks after the ADR ends (subject to subsection (4)).
4.
If a time limit has been extended by this section, subsections (2) and (3) apply to the extended time limit as they apply to a time limit mentioned in subsection (2)(a).
5.
Where more than one time limit applies in relation to a consumer contract dispute, the extension by subsection (3) of one of those time limits does not affect the others.
6.
For the purposes of this section, ADR starts in relation to a consumer contract dispute on the date when the dispute is first sent or otherwise communicated to the ADR entity in accordance with the entity’s rules regarding the submission of complaints.
7.
For the purposes of this section, the non-binding ADR procedure ends on the date of the first of these to occur—
1. (a)
  the parties reach an agreement in resolution of the consumer contract dispute;
2. (b)
  a party completes the notification of the other parties that it has withdrawn from the ADR;
3. (c)
  a party to whom a qualifying request is made fails to give a response reaching the other parties within 14 days of the request;
4. (d)
  that the ADR entity notifies the party that submitted the consumer contract dispute to the ADR entity that, in accordance with its policy, the ADR entity refuses to deal with the consumer contract dispute;
5. (e)
  after the parties are notified that the ADR entity can no longer act in relation to the consumer contract dispute (for whatever reason), the parties fail to agree within 14 days to submit the dispute to an alternative ADR entity;
6. (f)
  the ADR otherwise comes to an end pursuant to the rules of the ADR entity.
8.
For the purpose of subsection (7), a qualifying request is a request by a party that another (A) confirm to all parties that A is continuing with the ADR.
9.
In the case of any consumer contract dispute, references in this section to ADR are references to the ADR so far as it relates to that dispute, and references to a party are to be read accordingly.
10.
Where a court or tribunal has power under section 118(1)(b) to extend a period of limitation, the power is exercisable in relation to the period of limitation as extended by this section.

Section 140B— Extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings

1.
This section applies where a time limit is set by section 123(1)(a) or 129(3) or (4). ...
2.
In this section—
1. (a)
  Day A is the day on which the complainant or applicant concerned complies with the requirement in subsection (1) of section 18A of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (requirement to contact ACAS before instituting proceedings) in relation to the matter in respect of which the proceedings are brought, and
2. (b)
  Day B is the day on which the complainant or applicant concerned receives or, if earlier, is treated as receiving (by virtue of regulations made under subsection (11) of that section) the certificate issued under subsection (4) of that section.
3.
In working out when the time limit set by section 123(1)(a) or 129(3) or (4) expires the period beginning with the day after Day A and ending with Day B is not to be counted.
4.
If the time limit set by section 123(1)(a) or 129(3) or (4) would (if not extended by this subsection) expire during the period beginning with Day A and ending one month after Day B, the time limit expires instead at the end of that period.
5.
The power conferred on the employment tribunal by subsection (1)(b) of section 123 to extend the time limit set by subsection (1)(a) of that section is exercisable in relation to that time limit as extended by this section.

Section 141— Interpretation, etc.

1.
This section applies for the purposes of this Part.
2.
A reference to the responsible person, in relation to an equality clause or rule, is to be construed in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 5.
3.
A reference to a worker is a reference to the person to the terms of whose work the proceedings in question relate; and, for the purposes of proceedings relating to an equality rule or a non-discrimination rule, a reference to a worker includes a reference to a member of the occupational pension scheme in question.
4.
A reference to the terms of a person's work is to be construed in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 5.
5.
A reference to a member of an occupational pension scheme includes a reference to a prospective member.
6.
In relation to proceedings in England and Wales, a person has an incapacity if the person—
1. (a)
  has not attained the age of 18, or
2. (b)
  lacks capacity (within the meaning of the Mental Capacity Act 2005).
7.
In relation to proceedings in Scotland, a person has an incapacity if the person—
1. (a)
  has not attained the age of 16, or
2. (b)
  is incapable (within the meaning of the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 (asp 4)).
8.
Service complaint” means a complaint made under section 340A(1) or (2) of the Armed Forces Act 2006.
9.
“Criminal matter” means—
1. (a)
  an investigation into the commission of an alleged offence;
2. (b)
  a decision whether to commence criminal proceedings;
3. (c)
  criminal proceedings.